EXPLAINED INFORMATION ABOUT THE GREAT ROMANS
THE ANCIENT ROMANS
MANY PEOPLE QUESTION ABOUT THE ANCIENT ROMANS SO HERE ARE SOME ANSWERS:
EMERGENCE AND SETTLEMENT:
THE ROMAN CIVILIZATION GREW NEAR THE RIVER TIBER.THE MIDDETERRANEAN SEA CONNECTED THE THE ROMAN EMPIRE WITH OTHER REGIONS FOR THE WORLD.
THE BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE:
IN THE 753BCE,ROME WAS BUILT ON THE LATIUM PLAIN AND CONSISTED GROUPS OF SMALL VILLAGES AND WAS BUILT ON 7 LOW HILLS.THE ROMANS DID AGRICULTURE ON THE FERTILE LAND OF THE RIVER TIBER.THIS SMALL STATE TURNED INTO A STRONG AND WEALTHY STATE BY THE 250CE.THE ROMANS AT THAT TIME ORGANIZED A VERY SUPERIOR ARMY CALLED THE LEGION.THESE LEGIONS DIDNT ONLY CONQUER LAND BUT ALSO HELPED THE GOVERNMENT TO MANTAIN PEACE IN THE EMPIRE.BY THE START OF 1ST CENTURY THE ROMAN LEGION HAD CONQUERED FRANCE,BRITIAN,GERMANY AND SOME PARTS OF SOUTHERN RUSSIA.IN THE EAST THEY ALSO CONQUERED SOME PARTS OF IRAQ AND ARABIA.THE ROMAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE WAS BASED ON MONARCHY.THE KING RULED THE SOLE MONARCHY.DUE TO CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY BY THE RULERS THE MONARCHY WAS GRADULLAY REPLACED BY THE ROMAN REPUBLIC AND THIS WAS THE 1ST EVER REPUBLIC IN THE WORLD.THE ROMAN REPUBLIC WAS A SYSTEM OF POLITICAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH PEOPLE ELECTED THE REPRESENTATIVES TO EXERCISE POWER FOR THEM,THROUGH BODIES LIKE SENATE.DURING THE 1ST CENTURY THE ROMAN INFLUENCE HAD SPRAED FAR CUZ OF ITS MILITARY CONQUESTS.THE GOVERNMENT BEACAME WEAK AND THE LEGION BECAME STRONG AND A THREAT TO THE GOVERNMENT THE LAW AND ORDER WAS DISTRUBBED AND THE ROMAN PEOPLE WANTED A STRONG LEADER AND AT THAT TIME JULIUS CEASER WHO WAS A ROMAN DICTATOR AND GENERAL EMERGED AS THE HOPE OF THE ROMANS.JULIUS CEASER LEAD TO THE FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC AND RISE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.JULIUS CEASER BECAME THE IDOL OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE CUZ HE MADE LAWS AND BOUGHT PEACE TO THE EMPIRE.THE POPULARITY OF JULIUS CEASER WAS A THREAT TO SOME SENATERS AND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND THEY ALL PLANTED A TRAP AGAINST HIM AND KIILED HIM IN THE 44BCE.AFTER HIS DEATH A CIVIL WAR BROKE AND HIS ADOPTED SON OCTAVIAN AUGUSTUS ASCENDED HIM.
ACHIEVMENTS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE:
THE GOLDEN AGE OF THE THE PEAK TIME OF PROGRESS AND PROSPERITY.DIFFERENT PEOPLE FROM DIFFERNT REGIONS CAME TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE.IN 450BCE THE ROMAN LAW CODE WAS INSCRIBES ON 12 BRONZE TABLETS.THESE WERE DISPLAYED PUBLICLY IN THE ROMAN FORUM WHERE CRIMINAL TRAILS PUBLIC SPEECHES ETC TOOK PALCE.
THE ROMANS CONTRIBUTED A GREAT DEAL TO THE PRESENT DAY WORLD IN MANY WAYS:
*THEY WERE THE 1ST TO INTRODUCE AN URBAN CIVILIZATION.'
*THEY WEERE THE 1ST CIVILIZATION TO USE CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS AND CONCRETE IN BUILDINGS.
*THEY WERE THE 1ST TO MAKE ARCHES AND DOMES.
*THE ROMANS BUILT PLAIN CITIES PUBLIC BUILDINGS LIKE TEMPLES THEATRES ETC.
EDUCATION,RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY:
THE ROMAN CIVILIZATION WAS A POLYTHIESTIC CIVILIZATION WHO BELIEVE DIN MANY GODS AND GODESSES.THE MAIN ROMAN GODS INCLUDED MINERVA,JUNO AND JUPITER.WITH THE PASSAGE OF TIME ROMAN EMPERORS STARTED TO CLAIM THEMSELVES AS GODS.DURING THIS A NEW RELIGION BASED ON THE TEACHINGS OF HAZRAT ISA A.S CHRISTIANITY EMERGED.CHRISTIANITY STARTED TO SPREAD FASTLY AND THE ROMAN EMPEROR CONSTANTINE WAS THE 1ST ONE TO TURN TO CHRISTIANITY.HE GAVE CHRISTIANITY A LEGAL STATUS AND HE MADE ALOTS OF CHURCHES.IN 330CE CONTANTINE MOVED THE CAPITAL OF ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE CITY OF BYZANTINE AND RENAMED IN CONSTANTINOPLE.ROMANS GAVE EDUCATION TOP PRIORITIES AND WERE IMPRESSED BY THE GREEK SYSTEM OF EDUCVATION.EDUCATED ROMANS WERE BILLINGUAL AND COULD SPEAK GREEK AND LATIN.THE EDUCATION IN ROMAN EMPIRE STRTED AT THE AGE OF 11 TO 12 AND THEY WERE TAUGHT COUNTING AND ABOUT THE WORKS OF FAMOUS GREEK AND ROMAN WRITERS.ORATORY (THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEEKING) WAS ALSO TAUGHT IN SCHOOLS
ROMAN NUMERALS
THE FALL OF WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE:
FOLLOWING ARE SOME REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE:
*THE CHURCH OF ROME GAINED UNLIMITED POE\WERS EVEN MORE THAN THE GOVERNMENT.
*PROVINCES REBELLED AGAINST THE EMPIRE AND DECLARED THEIR OWN INDEPENDENCE.
*HEAVYV TAXES MADE THE LIVE SOF LOCAL PEOPLE HARD AND LED TOP CHAOS IN THE EMPIRE.
*BARBARIANS AND HUNS FROM THE CENTRAL ASIA DESTROYED MOST OF THE EMPIRE.
*THE ARMY BECAME WEAKER AND WEAKER ULTIMATELLY WEAKENING THE EMPIRE EXTERNALLY AND INTERNALLY.
ORIGIN OF FEUDALISM AND THE MEDIEVEL EUROPE:
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM WAS A POLITICAL,ECONOMIC SYSTEM DEVELOPED DURING THE 10TH TO 13TH CENTURIES.FEUDALISM BECAME FAMOUS DURING THE 11TH CENTURY.THE FEUDAL SYSTEM DIVIDED SOCIETIES INTO 4 SOCIAL HIERARCHIES BASED ON LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION OF LAND:THE KINGS,THE NOBLES,THE KNIGHTS AND THE PEASENT HIERARCHY WAS LINKED TO OTHER IN DIFFERENT WAYS.
THE KINGS :
THE KINGS WER EAT TOP OF THE HIERARCHY.THEY OWNED ALL OF THE LAND BUT IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE FOR THEM TO HANDLE ALL OF IT SO THEY GAVE MOST OF THEIR LAND TO THE NOBLES.THE KINGS PROVIDED SUPPORT AND PROTECTION TO THE NOBKES IN RETURN OF LOYALTY.THE NOBLES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING SOLDIERS TO THE KING DURING WARS.
TENANTES/NOBLES:
THE NOBLES MINTED THEIR OWNM COINS AND THE RICH NOBLES WERE PROVIDED WITH LAND BY THE KING.THEY HAD THEIR OWN SYSTEM OF TAXATION,GOVERNANCE AND LAW.DIFFERENT NOBLES WERE APPOINTED TO TAKE ACHECK ON THE PEASENTS.THE NOLES WERE RESPONSIBKE TO PROTECT THEIR LAND AND THE PEOPLE THAT WORKED FOR THEM.
THE KNIGHTS:
THE KNIGHTS WRE ALSO CALLED LESSER NOBLES.TO ATTAIN KNIGHTHOOD THEY HAD TO FOLLOW A CODE OF CHIVALRY.THE KNIGHTS AHD TO BE LOYAL TO THE CHURCH AND THE NOBLES.THE KNIGHTS WERE GRANTED LAND BY THE NOBLES AND THE KNIGHT GAVE THE LAND TO THE PEASENTS ON LEASE.IF THE KNIGHTS DID NOT PERFORM THEIR DUTIES WELL THERI TITLES WERE REVOKED AND THEIR LAND WAS TAKEN BACK.
THE PEASENTS:
THE PEASENTS WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT PORT OF THE HIERARCHY.THEY WORKEDON TGE LANDS GIVEN BY THE KNIGHTS.THE PEASENTS WERE CHARACTERIZED IN TWO GROUPS:THE BOUNDED AND THE FREE PEASENTS.THE FREE PEASENTS CULTIVATED THE LAND GIVEN TO THEM, AND PAID RENT TO THE LORD.THE BOUNDED PEASENTS CULTIVATED THEIR GIVEN LAND AND WERE GIVEN SOME LAND TO FARM AND LIVE ON IN RETURN.THEY HAD TO SUPPLY FOOD TO THE KNIGHTS
THE END OF FEUDALISM:
IN THE 14TH CENTURY THE SYSTEM OF FEUDALISM STARTED TO WEAKEN CUZ OF MANY VARIOUS REASONS E.G THE BLACK DEATH EPIDEMIC KILLED A QUARTER OF THE EUROPE'S POPULATION.THE GROWING POWER OF THE MONARCHY AND NOBILITY LEAD TO REBELION BY THE PEASENTS AS THEY WANTED TO LIBRATE THEMSELVES FROM THE CHAINS OF FEAUDALISM.TRADING ACTIVITIES BECAME POPULAR AND MOST OF THE PEASENTS MIGRATED TO TOWNS WHERE THEY COULD LIVE A FREE LIFE.
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE:
THE ROMAN EMPEROR CONSTANTINE'S DECISION TO MOVE THE CAPITALOF ROME TO BYZANTUIM HAD ENHANCED ITS WORTH AND IT BECAME THE CENTRE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.BYZANTIUM WAS FORMER GREEK TOWN WITH AN IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHICAL STATUS AS IT WAS LOCATED IN THE MIDDKE OF BOSPHORUS,BLACK SEA AND THE MIDITERRANEAN SEA.ALL THE IMPORTANT TRADE ROUTES PASSEDFROM BYZANTIUM AND ALL THE SHIPS WHICH ANCHORED THERE PAID HEAVY TAXES.CONSTATINE FORTIFIED BYZANTIUM AND MADE DEFENSIVE WALLS AND TOWERS.HE RENAMED THE CITY CONTANTINOPLE.THIS CITY LASTED FOR OVER A MILLENIUM AFTER THE FALL OF WESTERN ROME.IT WAS RULED BY MANY RULERS WHICH MADE CONSTANTINOPLE A STRONG AND WEALTHY STATE WHICH ALSO HAD A RICH CULTURE.THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE HAD STRONG AND GOOD RELATIONS WITH OTHER STATES.
A MEDIEVAL WORLD CASTLE
THE FALL OF THE BYZANTIUM EMPIRE:
THE BYZANTIUM EMPIRE FACED SERIOUS ATTACKS BY INVADERS CUZ OF ITS PROSPERITY AND STRONG ECONOMY.
THE SELJUK TURKS DEFEATED THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ENABLING IT FROM RECOVERY.IN 1453 OTTOMAN SULTAN MEHMET SANI AL FATIH ATTACKED IT 3 TIMES AND IN THE 3RD ATTACH HE CINQUERED BYZANTUIUM AND THERE STARTED THE GOLDEN ERA OF THE OTTOMAN TURKS.
HAGIA SOPHIA
CONCLUSION:
THE CONCLUSION SAYS THAT THE ANCIENT ROMANS WERE POLYTHIESTIC PEOPLE WHO FOLLOWED THE TEACHINGS OF HAZRAT ISA A.S.THE ROMANS INFLUENCED THE WORLD WITH THEIR MILITARY CONQUESTS.THE ROMANS HAD A RICH CULTURE AND GAVE EDUCATION TOP PRIORITIES.ROME WAS BUILT ON THE LATIUM PLANE AND 7 LOW HILLS IN THE START AND WITH THE HELP OF THEIR SUPERIOR ARMY CALLED THE LEGION THEY CONQUERED MOST OF THE WORLD.THE LEGION BECAME A THREAT TO THE GOVERNMENT CUZ OF THEIR UNLIMITED POWERS AND WAS REPLACED BY A ROMAN REPUBLIC.THEN UNREST AND UNEMPLOYMENT BEGAN IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC BY THE 1ST CENTURY SO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC WAS REPLACED BY A ROMAN EMPIRE BY JULIUS CEASER.THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE FELL BECUZ OF MULTIPLE REASONS LIKE THE WEAKNING OF ARMY AND ATTACKS BY HUNS AND BARBARIANS.FEAUDALISM WAS A SYSTEM THAT DISTRIBUTED SOCIETIES INTO 4 GROUPS AND IT BECAME POPULAR IN THE 11TH CENTURY AND CUZ OF MULTIPLE REASONS IT ENDED IN THE 14TH CENTURY.THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE LASTED A MILLENIUM AFTER THE FALL OF WESTERN EUROPE AND IT STARTED WHEN CONSTANTINE (THE EMPEROR OF THAT TIME) DECIDED TO MOVE THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE TO BYZANTINE AND RENAMED IT CONSTANTINOPLE.MANY INVADERS WANTED TO INVADE CONSTANTINOPLE BECAUSE OF ITS RICH ECONOMY B UT DID NOT SUCCEED.BUT ALSO THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1ST LOST TO THE SELJUK TURKS THEN TO THE OTTOMAN SULTAN MEHMED AL FATIH.AFTER SULTAN MEHMET CONQUERED CONSTANTINOPLE THE GOLDEN ERA OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE STARTED.
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